Glossing
A gloss says what each morpheme of a word means. This site writes its glosses by the Leipzig Glossing Rules, the convention that linguists share. This page lists the rules that the glosses of this site follow, and every label they use.
The rules of a gloss §
An example has three lines: the words cut into their morphemes, the gloss, and the translation.
es-o-lu-zu
PASS-1-CONT-love
'I am being loved.'
| Rule | Example |
|---|---|
| A hyphen parts two morphemes, in the word and in the gloss. Both have as many hyphens. | o-zu, 1-love |
| A period parts two meanings of one morpheme. | ti, 2SG.POSS |
| A label in capitals is a grammatical category. It is listed in the table below. | PST, ACC |
| A person and its number stand together, with no period. | 2SG, 3PL |
| A meaning in lower case is a translation. It is one word, or words joined by periods. | listen, fall.asleep |
| A root with several senses holds them all at once. Its gloss gives them all, joined by periods. | gu, darkness.empathy.life |
| A root is glossed by the reading that its word gives it. | agu is ear in a noun and listen in a verb |
A joining sound is a segment of its own, glossed EP. |
o-x-agu, 1-EP-listen |
The build checks each gloss of a rule against these: the count of its
parts, the place of each EP, and that every label is listed.
The labels §
A label comes from one of three places. Leipzig is the list of the Leipzig Glossing Rules. Common is a label in wide use that this list does not have. Zulapa is a category of the language, named here.
| Label | Meaning | Of | From |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | first person, with no number. Someone, often the speaker | o | Leipzig |
2 | second person | i, shi | Leipzig |
3 | third person | a, sha | Leipzig |
SG | singular | i, a, pi, mipi | Leipzig |
DU | dual | de | Leipzig |
PL | plural | sho, shi, sha, msho, tshi, sasha | Leipzig |
INDF | indefinite | pe | Leipzig |
INF | the infinite subject, which also serves as the infinitive | u | Leipzig |
POSS | possessive | mo, mipi, ti, sa, msho, tshi, sasha | Leipzig |
F | feminine | nu | Leipzig |
M | masculine | to | Leipzig |
IMP | imperative, an order | y, as a prefix | Leipzig |
ACC | accusative | m | Leipzig |
ERG | ergative | fu | Leipzig |
DAT | dative | ni | Leipzig |
GEN | genitive | wu | Leipzig |
TOP | topic | wa | Leipzig |
ADJ | adjective, the modifier of a thing | le | Leipzig |
ADV | adverb, the modifier of an action | si | Leipzig |
PASS | passive | es | Leipzig |
NMLZ | nominalizer | es, as a suffix | Leipzig |
NEG | negation | ne | Leipzig |
PST | past | em | Leipzig |
FUT | future | ir | Leipzig |
HOD | hodiernal, of the same day | emo, iro | common |
HEST | hesternal, the past of the day before | emi | common |
PROX | near in time | ema, ira | Leipzig |
DIST | far in time | emu, iru | Leipzig |
EVNT | eventual, maybe. A doubt in the past, and what may come in the future | eme, ire | Zulapa |
ETERN | always | lau | Zulapa |
NEVER | never | nei | Zulapa |
NOW | now | lei | Zulapa |
REMEMBER | of the past, and felt now as if it were happening | lue | Zulapa |
DESIRE | desired so much that it is felt real, and now | lui | Zulapa |
INESS | inessive, inside | ro | common |
CRAS | crastinal, the future of tomorrow | iri | common |
CONT | continuous | lu | common |
SUB | subordinate | n | common |
DIM | diminutive | lil | common |
EP | epenthesis, a joining sound with no meaning | x, l, n, a repeated vowel | common |
MASTER | the one who takes care, the Dominant | kei | Zulapa |
TINY | the one who is taken care of | yi | Zulapa |
WET | surrendered, submissive | lo | Zulapa |
SINGULAR | every one, singularity | qa | Zulapa |
CARE | the mood of caring, gentle | i, as a suffix | Zulapa |
PUSH | the mood of pushing, away from | o, as a suffix | Zulapa |
PULL | the mood of pulling, towards | u, as a suffix | Zulapa |
LOVED | the mood of being loved, taken to the self | a, as a suffix | Zulapa |
DANCE | the mood of dancing | y, as a suffix | Zulapa |
NB | non-binary | wi | Zulapa |